The proper technique for setting a single anchor can be broken down into four phases of action: the choose drop location, the drop, dropping speed, and final check. Follow these steps each time you anchor, and you give your anchor the best chance of setting and holding your boat.
- Choose Drop Location
- The Drop
- Dropping Speed
- Final Check
1. Choose drop location
Select an area of little current, protected from the weather, preferably with a flat bottom. The area should be well upwind of where you want the boat to end up. Make your approach slowly into the wind or current. Look at other boats in the anchorage and follow their lead in using either a single anchor or bow-and-stern anchors. Determine where their anchors lie so you will not foul them, and select a position that will allow you to swing with the wind or current without bumping into other boats.
Approach your anchor drop location heading into the wind. Make sure this area will be clear of other boats and obstructions, and make sure you have some room behind the swing zone, in case your anchor drags.
The purpose of the approach is to bring the boat to a stop with the bow just a little upwind of the center of your intended drop zone. On larger boats, it may be impossible for the person at the helm to determine when the boat is in the right place, and also impossible for the person on the bow handling the anchor to communicate effectively with the helmsman due to engine and wind noise. Some simple hand signals can be very helpful
2. The Drop
Prepare Your Crew. Nothing marks a novice as much as yelling orders at your crew, and a briefing beforehand will let your crew know what you expect of them, as well as help you to sort out the anchoring procedure in your own mind. Keep a pair of work gloves aboard to protect their hands from the rode and chain, as well as from mud or seaweed that may come up with the anchor.
Make certain that the boat is no longer moving forward. It’s time to lower the anchor. Don’t drop it,lower the anchor gently into the water. If the boat is still moving forward, the anchor may be swept back into the bow of the boat. The boat should be starting to drift backward with the wind, so the anchor should start moving down and away from the boat as it enters the water. Lower it slowly all the way to the bottom. By the time it reaches the bottom, the boat should be moving along backward with the wind. If it is not, put the engine in reverse and start moving backwards before paying out any more anchor rode.
If your boat is stopped and you lower the anchor to the bottom and then allow all of the chain to pile up on top of it, the chain may become entangled in the anchor, preventing it from setting. By making sure that the boat is moving backward as the anchor contacts the bottom, you ensure that the anchor will be lying on the bottom facing in the correct direction, and you ensure that the chain will be stretched out straight along the bottom away from the anchor.
3. Dropping Speed
Keep a small amount of tension on the anchor chain as you pay it out. Too much tension will drag the anchor along the bottom, but a small amount helps to keep the bow of the boat pointed upwind toward the anchor, and helps to make sure that the anchor chain is straight and not tangled.
In strong winds, it may be necessary to put the engine in forward to control the speed and direction of drift, while in very light winds it may be necessary to put the engine in reverse. In average winds, the boat can usually be allowed to drift backward with the wind, letting out anchor chain until the desired scope is reached.
4. Final check
Once enough anchor chain is out and the boat is back in the intended swing zone, secure the anchor rode and let the anchor stop the boat. Be careful. Often, you can feel an anchor that is skipping along on top of the bottom instead of digging in and setting.
Once you feel the anchor dig in a bit and set, put the boat engine in reverse and back down on the anchor to make it dig in to the bottom. In strong winds, this may not be necessary, but it is not a bad idea to do it anyway. It can’t do any harm, and might reveal a weak anchor set.
Once your anchor is set and you have proven it by using it to stop the boat and by backing down on it, there is one more thing you can do if the water is reasonably clear: dive your anchor. Swim out there and have a look at it. If you don’t want to swim but you have a dinghy, make a clear bottom bucket so that you can take a ride out over the anchor and look down at it through the bucket.